[[PageOutline]] = Ubuntu on Newport = This page is dedicated details regarding running Ubuntu on an Gateworks Newport Board. See also: * the Gateworks Ventana [wiki:ventana#third_party_linux third party linux] page for more details on how to use other linux distro on Ventana. * [wiki:/ubuntu Gateworks Ubuntu Page for general notes] [=#prebuilt] == Gateworks pre-built Ubuntu Disk Image == Gateworks provides a pre-built Ubuntu firmware images for the Newport Family: * [https://github.com/Gateworks/linux-newport/releases/download/v4.14.4-00005-g9e5958b/linux-newport.tar.xz linux-newport.tar.xz] - Compressed TAR archive of pre-built Linux kernel * [http://dev.gateworks.com/newport/ubuntu/xenial/20171215/xenial-newport.tar.xz xenial-newport.tar.gz] - Compressed TAR archive of Ubuntu 16.04 Xenial arm64 root filesystem (does not include kernel) ([http://dev.gateworks.com/newport/ubuntu/xenial/20171215/xenial-newport.manifest package manifest]) * [https://github.com/Gateworks/images-newport/releases/download/v0.1.0/xenial-newport.img.gz xenial-newport.img.gz] - Compressed Disk Image containing Firmware, Linux kernel, and Ubuntu 16.04 Xenial root filesystem. To update the firmware using this see [wiki:newport#serial-ethernet here] Features: - Ubuntu 16.04 aarch64 core (from debootstrap instructions) - Gateworks Newport Linux kernel (Linux 4.14 based) - several pre-installed packages - eth0 dhcp - user root passwd root To install the kernel and root filesystem on a removable block storage device see [#disk-images below]. [=#disk-images] == Disk Images == Gateworks releases disk images that can be easily flashed using the U-Boot Bootloader (see [wiki:newport#serial-ethernet here]). These disk images contain a partition table so they are tailored to the specific eMMC device on the boards they are intended for. Additionally they are configured for a small partition size to keep flash programming time at a minimum. This requires resizing the rootfs partition be resized in order to take advantage of the remaining flash space. The script used to create these images can be found on !GitHub [https://github.com/Gateworks/images-newport/raw/master/mkimage here] and an example usage is: {{{#!bash sudo ./mkimage xenial-newport 7264 1536 firmware-newport.img xenial-newport.tar.xz linux-newport.tar.xz }}} * The user partition of the 8GiB eMMC used on Newport is 7264MB * We need around 1536MB of partition space for the extracted kernel and root filesystem To flash this compressed disk image to a board see [wiki:newport#serial-ethernet here] To install the kernel and root filesystem on a removable block storage device see [wiki:linux/blockdev]. [=#debootstrap] == Root filesystem == A popular way to create an Ubuntu root filesystem is to use the {{{deboostrap}}} utility on a Debian or Ubuntu host. This tool provides a 2-stage install where the second stage is within a chroot environment using qemu. Requirements: - Linux Ubuntu or Debian System with network connection and sudo permissions Important notes: * we set and use '''target''' and '''distro''' env variables in step 2 and use those env variables in the remaining steps to make this tutorial more version-agnostic. Please be aware of this and do not deviate from the steps unless or until you completely understand what you are doing. Steps: 1. Install pre-requisites: {{{ #!bash sudo apt-get install qemu-user-static debootstrap binfmt-support }}} 2. Perform first stage install of minimal filesystem for {{{arm64}}} architecture: {{{ #!bash target=rootfs distro=xenial sudo debootstrap --arch=arm64 --foreign $distro $target # copy qemu-arm-static binary for the binfmt packages to find it and copy in resolv.conf from host sudo cp /usr/bin/qemu-aarch64-static $target/usr/bin }}} * See http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/dists/ for a list of current Ubuntu releases: 16.10=yakkety (latest), 16.04=xenial (latest LTS), 15.04=vivid, 14.10=utopic (LTS), 14.04=trusty (LTS), 12.04=precise (LTS), 10.04=lucid (LTS). * this minimal rootfs can be considered about the same as an Ubuntu-core downloaded rootfs however it is still missing some core packages and configuration before it can be booted. These steps are taken care of in a 2nd stage install within a chroot shell * the chroot shell below will provide network support (inherited from the host) 3. we now have a minimal Ubuntu rootfs - chroot to it and perform the 2nd stage install: {{{ #!bash sudo chroot $target # now we are in the chroot distro=xenial export LANG=C # setup second stage /debootstrap/debootstrap --second-stage }}} * this is the most minimal rootfs we would recommend 4. (optional) add additional apt package repos: {{{ #!bash cat < /etc/apt/sources.list deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports $distro main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports $distro-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports $distro-security main restricted universe multiverse EOT }}} * you may want to customize the above list, depending on your needs. See [#packages below] for more detail on Ubuntu package feeds 5. (optional) update package database and setup locales (do not skip this step if you are needing to install any packages for the steps below or otherwise) {{{ #!bash apt-get update apt-get -f install # fixup missing package dependencies apt-get install locales dialog dpkg-reconfigure locales }}} 6. set hostname: {{{ #!bash echo ${distro}-$(uname -m) > /etc/hostname }}} 7. set a root passwd so you can login {{{ #!bash passwd }}} - or consider adding a user via {{{adduser}}}: {{{ #!bash adduser myuser usermod -a -G tty myuser # add to tty group for tty access usermod -a -G dialout myuser # add to dialout group for UART access usermod -a -G sudo myuser # add to sudo group for root access }}} 8. (optional) configure networking: - wired ethernet with DHCP on eth0 {{{ #!bash cat <> /etc/network/interfaces allow-hotplug eth0 auto eth0 iface eth0 inet dhcp EOF }}} - or static IP: {{{ #!bash cat <> /etc/network/interfaces allow-hotplug eth0 auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.1.254 EOF }}} - or wireless (requires ~3MB of additional packages): {{{ #!bash apt-get install wpasupplicant iw cat << EOF >> /etc/network/interfaces # Wireless interface auto wlan0 iface wlan0 inet dhcp wireless_mode managed wireless_essid any wpa-driver nl80211 wpa-conf /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf EOF wpa_passphrase >> /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf }}} 9. (optional) install some useful packages {{{ #!bash apt-get install openssh-server # ssh server for remote access apt-get install can-utils i2c-tools usbutils pciutils # cmdline tools for various hardware support }}} * Note that by default root ssh access is disabled for security. See [#ssh below] for info on enabling it 10. exit the chroot shell and remove files we no longer need {{{ #!bash exit sudo rm $target/usr/bin/qemu-arm-static }}} At this point you have a directory containing a root filesystem (without kernel) and likely want to install it onto removable storage or the on-board FLASH of a target board. Some intermediate formats that are useful to keep around would be a tarball, perhaps an ext4 filesystem image, or a compressed disk image suitable for flashing in the U-Boot bootloader. To create a tarball which is the most flexible storage format and can be used for a variety of future installation uses: {{{#!bash sudo tar --numeric-owner -cvJf xenial-newport.tar.xz -C rootfs/ . }}} * the '--numeric-owner' is required to store user/group as a number instead of a name * the '-C rootfs/' is required to eliminate the rootfs directory prefix * the sudo is needed to be able to read the root owned files To create a 'Compressed Disk Image' using this tarball see [#disk-images above] and to install this onto a board's embedded FLASH see [wiki:newport#serial-ethernet here]. === ext4 filesystem === If desired you can create an ext4 filesystem from the directory or tarball. This requires you choose a size for the filesystem. This size can be increased at runtime using {{{resize2fs}}} as long as the partition table has room for it to grow. The advantage of using an as small as possible size is that the time necessary to flash it onto storage is reduced to a minimum (when flashing you have to write the entire ext4 fs but when formatting or resizing it only has to write periodic markers to FLASH). For a given size (see SIZEMB variable below) you can create a rootfs with: {{{#!bash SIZEMB=1536 # 1.5GB - expandable later with resize2fs OUT=xenial-newport.ext4 # create a file of specific size truncate -s ${SIZEMB}M ${OUT} # format it as an ext4 filesystem mkfs.ext4 -q -F -L rootfs ${OUT} # mount it to a temporary mount point tmp_mnt=$(mktemp -d -p/tmp) mount ${OUT} ${tmp_mnt} # copy files to it cp -rup rootfs/* ${tmp_mnt} # and/or extract files from a tarball tar -C ${tmp_mnt} -xf linux-newport.tar.xz # unmount temporary mount point umount ${tmp_mnt} sync # compress it gzip -k -f ${OUT} }}}